
Who Paid for Inflation
In 2022, profits contributed 3.9 out of the 6.3 percentage points of inflation and wages 0.3. From 2024 this reverses — and the average real wage remains below 2019.

In 2022, profits contributed 3.9 out of the 6.3 percentage points of inflation and wages 0.3. From 2024 this reverses — and the average real wage remains below 2019.

The shock of 2022 came from goods and has now passed. However, core inflation has not fallen below 3% for two years, and services are outpacing goods.

Inflation fell from 12.1% to 3.4%. However, the price level has been rising since 2021 at an annual rate of 4.3%, compared with 2.3% during the euro era — a doubling in sixteen years rather than thirty.